sábado, 28 de febrero de 2015

Why Race Realism Does Not Justify Racism




votar

Iceland to build first temple to Norse gods since Viking age

A modern version of Norse paganism has been gaining popularity in recent years as followers see the stories as metaphors for life not worship of the gods

Icelanders will soon be able to publicly worship at a shrine to Thor, Odin and Frigg with construction starting this month on the island’s first major temple to the Norse gods since the Viking age.
Worship of the gods in Scandinavia gave way to Christianity around 1,000 years ago but a modern version of Norse paganism has been gaining popularity in Iceland.
“I don’t believe anyone believes in a one-eyed man who is riding about on a horse with eight feet,” said Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson, high priest of Ásatrúarfélagið, an association that promotes faith in the Norse gods.
“We see the stories as poetic metaphors and a manifestation of the forces of nature and human psychology.”
Membership in Ásatrúarfélagið has tripled in Iceland in the last decade to 2,400 members last year, out of a total population of 330,000, data from StatisticsIceland showed.
The temple will be circular and will be dug 4 metres (13ft) down into a hill overlooking the Icelandic capital Reykjavik, with a dome on top to let in the sunlight.
“The sun changes with the seasons so we are in a way having the sun paint the space for us,” Hilmarsson said.
The temple will host ceremonies such as weddings and funerals. The group will also confer names to children and initiate teenagers, similar to other religious communities.
Iceland’s neo-pagans still celebrate the ancient sacrificial ritual of Blot with music, reading, eating and drinking, but nowadays leave out the slaughter of animals. 

(Source: theguardian.com)
votar

'Immigration revolution' suggested as solution to Japan's dwindling working population

This article is about Japan but this post holds true to any population.
When it comes to filling jobs, why is flooding first world nations with third world immigrants seen as a reasonable solution to replace the workforce of a dying population? The solution should be to encourage large families in the existing population. Bringing in third world immigrants brings third world lifestyles with them. If a first world nation wanted to maintain order in the workplace as well as its country they would need to remain in key positions of power. That of course would be "racist" and as the article states equivalent to a slave population being ruled over by the plantation owner. Protests would become commonplace until the transfer of power is complete. Then you have full transformation of a first world nation to a third.
The solution should be for Europeans to have large families as we used to. And in the mean time get involved with local politics to reverse some of the socialist policies that affect our ability to afford to raise our families.

With a declining population, Japan is on track to lose about half its workforce by 2060, and with that, its status as an economic superpower.
Some are calling for an "immigration revolution" but that is gaining little traction in a country that is seen as the most homogenous in the world.
In Japan, birth rates are at record lows and the ageing population at record highs.
Now, the former head of Tokyo's Immigration Bureau, Hidenori Sakanaka, is calling for what many Japanese find unthinkable, large-scale immigration.
"We need an immigration revolution to bring in 10 million people in the next 50 years, otherwise the Japanese economy will collapse," Mr Sakanaka said.
He said it was now a case of "populate or perish" and Japan had to change its mentality.
"Japan is an island country and we didn't let foreigners enter for over 1,000 years, so we haven't had great experiences living with other ethnic groups," he said.
Japan's last experience with immigrants did not end well.
To fuel Japan's "economic miracle", Brazilians of Japanese descent were encouraged to return in the 1980s and 1990s.

With their very different culture, they established communities and worked in factories, but when the bubble burst and companies downsized, many of the 300,000 Brazilians were sent home.

Shoko Takano stayed and set up a school to support the Brazilian community.
Most of the children are third or fourth generation but still cannot get Japanese citizenship.
"Japanese Brazilians are disadvantaged and they get bullied," Ms Takano said.
"The kids can't speak Japanese well so they're bullied. They become dropouts and the job prospects are not good. The community is behind from the very start."

Foreign worker visas pose problems

The Japanese government has said the solution to the shrinking workforce is to give more foreigners, working and training visas for three to five years.
But the United Nations has likened the scheme to slavery where the workers have no rights and are paid little.
A Bangladeshi man, who wants to remain unidentified, worked in the Japanese construction industry for decades but was forced out. He said he was discriminated against.


(Source: mobile.abc.net.au)
votar

White Privilege or Jewish Privilege ?

The Jewish dominated media is constantly ranting about so-called “white privilege” in America, yet in the most important universities of America, the very institutions which form the very foundation of the American elite,  non-Jewish European Americans are by far the most underrepresented group of all.
In fact, Jews are vastly over-represented by proportion of population and vastly over-represented over far better qualified non-Jewish students! Their over-representation Harvard and in the Ivy League is not only incredibly disproportionate against European American students, but also wildly disproportionate against every other racial group in America.


Above: Here is a chart showing the appalling lack of true diversity at Harvard and the Ivy League. Jews are dramatically over-represented in comparison with every ethnic/racial group in America. In comparison with European Americans, Jews are almost 47 times more represented than their population would merit. That’s four thousand seven hundred percent over-represented in comparison with the actual population of Jews and European Americans!
votar

Identificación racial entre los puertorriqueños



La identidad nacional, no importa cuán diferente definido, a menudo se construye a través de reclamaciones a patrimonio, “raíces”, la tradición, y el descenso. En el mundo occidental, estas afirmaciones, casi inevitablemente, aluden a cuestiones de “raza”. En Puerto Rico, es la mezcla de los españoles, la taína, y los países de África, que vienen a ser el epítome de la sustancia tradicional / racial de los cuales “la nación” se construye, defendió, y naturalizado.
Esta mezcla es a menudo representado por las imágenes, estatuas, murales en toda la isla que deben mostrarse los tres representantes racializados, como los precursores del hombre moderno, mestizo puertorriqueño o mujer.
Las “raíces” taínos, españoles y africanos representados en este imaginario nacional, representan símbolos patrimoniales. Ellos no representan circunscripciones étnicos contemporáneos, tales como “afro-puertorriqueños”, “Indo-puertorriqueños”, o bien que se entienden comúnmente como grupos de origen (raíces) “Euro-puertorriqueños.” – Que mixto durante el período de colonización española para conformar “lo Puertorriqueño” en el presente. A medida que el mural dice: “Tres Razas: Una Cultura”.

votar

Race is a Social Construction, Except if You are Using DNA to Solve Crimes


I warned you once, herp: don’t you ever derp me.
Goyim, genetics are not actually a real thing when it comes to humans.  Because we know for a fact that race doesn’t exist and was constructed by society to oppress vibrant colorfuls.
But in the case of DNA solving crimes, these scientific facts must slightly be suspended.
NYT:
There were no known eyewitnesses to the murder of a young woman and her 3-year-old daughter four years ago. No security cameras caught a figure coming or going.Nonetheless, the police in Columbia, S.C., last month released a sketch of a possible suspect. Rather than an artist’s rendering based on witness descriptions, the face was generated by a computer relying solely on DNA found at the scene of the crime.
It may be the first time a suspect’s face has been put before the public in this way, but it will not be the last. Investigators are increasingly able to determine the physical characteristics of crime suspects from the DNA they leave behind, providing what could become a powerful new tool for law enforcement.
Already genetic sleuths can determine a suspect’s eye and hair color fairly accurately. It is also possible, or might soon be, to predict skin color, freckling, baldness, hair curliness, tooth shape and age.
Computers may eventually be able to match faces generated from DNA to those in a database of mug shots. Even if it does not immediately find the culprit, the genetic witness, so to speak, can be useful, researchers say.
“That at least narrows down the suspects,” said Susan Walsh, an assistant professor of biology at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis who recently won a $1.1 million grant from the Department of Justice to develop such tools.
But forensic DNA phenotyping, as it is called, is also raising concerns. Some scientists question the accuracy of the technology, especially its ability to recreate facial images. Others say use of these techniques could exacerbate racial profiling among law enforcement agencies and infringe on privacy.
“This is another of these areas where the technology is ahead of the popular debate and discussion,” said Erin Murphy, a professor of law at New York University.
DNA, of course, has been used for more than two decades to hunt for suspects or to convict or exonerate people. But until now, that meant matching a suspect’s DNA to that found at the crime scene, or trying to find a match in a government database.
DNA phenotyping is different: an attempt to determine physical traits from genetic material left at the scene when no match is found in the conventional way. …
Gender has long been ascertained from crime scene DNA. About 15 years ago, some police departments began trying to determine the geographic ancestry of suspects, as well, by using tests like the ones consumers order to learn about their genetic heritage.
In 2003, such information helped redirect the search for a serial killer in Louisiana. Police had been looking for a white man based on a witness account and on psychological profiles.
But DNA found at the site of one of the murders indicated the person’s ancestry was 85 percent sub-Saharan African. Eventually, a black man was convicted of the crimes.
Now researchers are closing in on specific physical traits, like eye and hair color.
So, maybe we can now talk about the effects of genetics on behavior?
Or is that still off the table forever?

(Source: dailystormer.com) votar

viernes, 27 de febrero de 2015

Black Privilege: Students Get SAT Bonus Points For Being Black Or Hispanic – Asians Are Penalized


(LA Times) - In a windowless classroom at an Arcadia tutoring center, parents crammed into child-sized desks and dug through their pockets and purses for pens as Ann Lee launches a PowerPoint presentation.
Her primer on college admissions begins with the basics: application deadlines, the relative virtues of the SAT versus the ACT and how many Advanced Placement tests to take.
Then she eases into a potentially incendiary topic — one that many counselors like her have learned they cannot avoid.
“Let’s talk about Asians,” she says.
Lee’s next slide shows three columns of numbers from a Princeton University study that tried to measure how race and ethnicity affect admissions by using SAT scores as a benchmark. It uses the term “bonus” to describe how many extra SAT points an applicant’s race is worth. She points to the first column.
African Americans received a “bonus” of 230 points, Lee says.
She points to the second column.
“Hispanics received a bonus of 185 points.”
The last column draws gasps.
Asian Americans, Lee says, are penalized by 50 points — in other words, they had to do that much better to win admission.
“Do Asians need higher test scores? Is it harder for Asians to get into college? The answer is yes,” Lee says.
“Zenme keyi,” one mother hisses in Chinese. How can this be possible?

College admission season ignites deep anxieties for Asian American families, who spend more than any other demographic on education. At elite universities across the U.S., Asian Americans form a larger share of the student body than they do of the population as a whole. And increasingly they have turned against affirmative action policies that could alter those ratios, and accuse admissions committees of discriminating against Asian American applicants.
That perspective has pitted them against advocates for diversity: More college berths for Asian American students mean fewer for black and Latino students, who are statistically underrepresented at top universities.
But in the San Gabriel Valley’s hyper-competitive ethnic Asian communities, arguments for diversity can sometimes fall on deaf ears. For immigrant parents raised in Asia’s all-or-nothing test cultures, a good education is not just a measure of success — it’s a matter of survival. They see academic achievement as a moral virtue, and families organize their lives around their child’s education, moving to the best school districts and paying for tutoring and tennis lessons. An acceptance letter from a prestigious college is often the only acceptable return on an investment that stretches over decades.
Lee is the co-founder of HS2 Academy, a college prep business that assumes that racial bias is a fact of college admissions and counsels students accordingly. At 10 centers across the state, the academy’s counselors teach countermeasures to Asian American applicants. The goal, Lee says, is to help prospective college students avoid coming off like another “cookie-cutter Asian.”
“Everyone is in orchestra and plays piano,” Lee says. “Everyone plays tennis. Everyone wants to be a doctor, and write about immigrating to America. You can’t get in with these cliche applications.”
Like a lot of students at Arcadia High School, Yue Liang plans to apply to University of California campuses and major in engineering — or if her mother wins that argument, pre-med. She excels at math, takes multiple AP courses and volunteers, as does nearly everyone she knows.
Being of Asian descent, the junior says, is “a disadvantage.” The problem, she says, is in the numbers.
Asian families flock to the San Gabriel Valley’s school districts because they have some of the highest Academic Performance Index scores in the state. But with hundreds of top-performing students at each high school, focusing on a small set of elite institutions, it’s easy to get lost in the crowd.
Of the school’s 4,000 students, nearly 3,000 are of Asian descent, and like Yue are willing to do whatever it takes to gain entrance to a prestigious university. They will study until they can’t remember how to have fun and stuff their schedules with extracurriculars. But there’s an important part of their college applications that they can’t improve as easily as an SAT score: their ethnicity.
In the San Gabriel Valley, where aspirationally named tutoring centers such as Little Harvard and Ivy League cluster within walking distance of high schools, many of them priced more cheaply than a baby-sitter, it didn’t take long for some centers to respond to students’ and parents’ fears of being edged out of a top school because of some intangible missing quality.

Helping Asian American students, many of whom lead similar lives, requires the embrace of some stereotypes, says Crystal Zell, HS2′s assistant director of counseling. They are good at math and bad at writing and aspire to be doctors, engineers or bankers, according to the cliches. She works with her students to identify what’s unique about them — and most of the time, that’s not their career ambitions or their ethnicity.
“Everyone comes in wanting the same thing,” Zell said. “But that’s because they don’t know about anything else.”
If a student wants to be an engineer, she makes sure to show other options. She sends affluent students to volunteer in poor neighborhoods. Branch out from tennis, or chess club, or taekwondo, she tells them. Learn a language other than Chinese. Avoid writing your essay about your parents’ journey to America.
Instead of just handing students a violin or a piano and saying pick one, Zell says, HS2 offers them a buffet of interests and hobbies, encouraging students to pick something that excites them.
Lawrence Leonn, 16, is grateful for the help. He doesn’t think race or ethnicity should matter, but he believes it will.
“I don’t want to be racist or anything,” Lawrence said. “Everyone works hard and struggles. But there’s this feeling that it’s going to be harder for us.”
Complaints about bias in college admissions have persisted since at least the 1920s, when a Harvard University president tried to cap the number of Jewish students. In November, a group called Students for Fair Admissions filed a suit against Harvard University for admissions policies that allegedly discriminate against Asian Americans. The group cited the 2004 Princeton study and other sources that offer statistics about Asian Americans’ test performance.
At the University of Texas at Austin, an affirmative action policy that allows admissions committees to consider the race of prospective applicants has been argued all the way to the Supreme Court. (The policies were upheld by a lower court, but that court’s decision was voided by the Supreme Court. Another court upheld the policies and another appeal is pending.)
Those who defend “holistic” admissions policies insist that considering a broader range of variables ensures that all applicants are judged fairly. And the Princeton study Lee refers to has been widely criticized by academics who argue that it relies too heavily on grades and test scores to draw conclusions about racial bias and that the data the study uses are too old to be relevant.
Still, anxiety over racial admissions rates is peaking as cash-crunched public universities increasingly favor high-paying out-of-state and foreign students at the expense of local applicants of every ethnicity. A 2014 bill that would have asked voters to consider restoring race as a factor in admissions to public California colleges and universities sparked multiple public protests and scathing editorials in Chinese newspapers. The bill, Senate Constitutional Amendment 5, was shelved last year.
Lee says that she usually tries to at least mention arguments in favor of diversity at her free college seminars. She mentions how the black student population at UCLA has declined precipitously and how student bodies at elite universities probably shouldn’t be 100% of Asian descent. When she looks to see the response, she sees mostly slowly shaking heads.
“It’s really hard for me to explain diversity to parents whose only goal is getting their son into Harvard,” Lee says.
That same ethic causes parents and students to agonize over which box, if any, to check on the race and nationality section of the application. One parent asked Zell whether it would help to legally change the family name to something more Western-sounding.
Last year, a rumor that Harvard University would stop accepting any more Asian American students from San Marino High School spread like a trending hashtag.
Mollie Beckler, a counselor at San Marino High School, says that Harvard never imposed such a rule. School counselors are continually trying to dispel myths like these, she says, if only in hopes of slightly lowering the huge stress students shoulder because of their intense focus on elite schools.
“The feeling of failure they get from trying to reach such high standards,” she said, “is very concerning to us in the counseling world.”
Only a few of the San Gabriel Valley’s tutoring centers confront the ethnic admissions issue head-on.
Jamie Aviles, a counselor at the ACI Institute, doesn’t teach ways to overcome perceived racial bias, she says. But she and many other counselors do agree on at least one thing.
As Aviles puts it: “It sucks to be a kid in the San Gabriel Valley.”

(Source: teaparty.org)
votar

Los individuos birraciales en norteamerica discriminados por ambos grupos


“Usted es negro en este mundo, y no importa lo que usted piense de usted mismo, tienes que ser consciente de cómo los demás te van a ver, por lo tanto si eres o te considera un mulato (Birracial). Cuando te encuentras en contra de la ley, es probable que no vas a tener la mejor experiencia debido a cómo te ven los demás, porque para ellos simplemente eres un negro mas.”
La oportunidad de pasar como blanco durante las eras pre-Civiles de la guerra colonial y más a menudo el resultado de la unión de los dueños de esclavos y el esclavo seguido de blanqueamiento y la endogamia de la descendencia mulatas que eran capaces de deslizarse prácticamente desapercibido en la sociedad blanca dominante. En el post-Reconstrucción del Sur políticos conspiraron para segregar legalmente las razas lo cual hizo necesaria la definición de que no era blanco con una combinación de porcentajes y el infame “la regla de una gota”, condenando a aquellos con rasgos negroides observables a una vida de mayor dificultad.
A diferencia de Brasil, una nación que tenía un décimo octavo más grande y población esclava negra del siglo 19 que los Estados Unidos, no había una “puerta de escape para el mulato”, como el historiador Carl Degler lo llamó, que permitió a los de la mancha de la esclavitud en su fondo de ser más fácilmente aceptado en todo el espectro de la sociedad. Un motivo de ansiedad para los estadounidenses blancos temiendo la contaminación y la degradación racial, pero visto por muchos mulatos como una forma de burlar el sistema de opresión y hacer el ridículo risible de los que tolerarse nociones de pureza racial y la supremacía blanca, el grado de repercusión nunca tiene han cuantificado de forma fiable por los científicos sociales, por lo tanto, las estimaciones hasta 1950 osciló entre cientos de miles a varios millones mulatos que desaparecieron en las filas de los blancos desprevenidos.

votar

Skin Color of Mulattoes

Journal of Heridity
Volume 5, Number 12 (December 1914)
pages 556-558

Charles B. Davenport, Director
Department of Experimental Evolution
(Carnegie Institution of Washington)
Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, New York

Apparently Four Factors Involved—Segregation in Second Generation—Skin Pigment Developed After Birth—No Correlation Between Color of Skin and Curliness of Hair in Offspring of Mulatto Marriages.
The method of heredity in negro-white crosses has long been cited as a demonstration of the failure of modern principles of heredity in their application to some specific cases. Skin color is said to show a typical blending, as in the mulatto, and it is generally assumed that all of the offspring of two mulattoes resemble their parents in skin color; and if a mulatto be crossed with a white that all of the offspring will be of a shade still lighter than the mulatto parent, namely, of a quadrooncolor. The current theory also has a great social importance because according to it, “once a negro, always a negro;” since the negro characteristics can not be wholly eliminated even by successive matings with white. However, as a concession, certain States even in our South permit the offspring of a person containingone-eighth negro blood and a pure white to pass as a white citizen and to marry, legally, a white person. That is, after matings of a mulatto and her offspring for two further generations with white persons the final generation may pass for white…



(Source: mixedracestudies.org)
votar

Os Povos no Brasil - Miscigenação

Miscigenação é o cruzamento de raças humanas diferentes. Desse processo, também chamado mestiçagem ou caldeamento, pode-se dizer que caracteriza a evolução do homem. Mestiço é o indivíduo nascido de pais de raças diferentes (apresentam constituições genéticas diferentes).
Esses conceitos, porém, são ambíguos, como o próprio conceito de raça. O filho de um alemão e uma sueca, por exemplo, não é considerado mestiço, mas sim alemão ou sueco, conforme o meio em que ocorrer sua socialização. O filho de um alemão e uma vietnamita, ao contrário, será considerado mestiço (eurasiano), seja qual for o meio em que se der sua integração. Popularmente, considera-se miscigenação a união entre,brancos e negros, brancos e amarelos, e entre amarelos e negros, ou seja, os grandes grupos de cor em que se divide a espécie humana e que, na concepção popular, são tidos como "raças". Brancos, negros e amarelos, no entanto, não constituem raças no sentido biológico, mas grupos humanos de significado sociológico que o senso comum identifica por um traço peculiar -- no caso, a cor da pele.
Miscigenação
Na história do Brasil, a ocorrência da mestiçagem é bastante pronunciada. Esse fato gerou uma identidade nacional singular e um povo marcadamente mestiço na aparência e na cultura.
Os ancestrais indígenas do brasileiro contemporâneo caracterizavam-se mais pela diversidade do que pela homogeneidade, enquanto os portugueses provinham de um processo de caldeamento secular e variado, no qual se destacam contribuições dos fenícios, gregos, romanos, judeus, árabes, visigodos, mouros, celtas e escravos africanos. É difícil precisar a origem dos negros trazidos da África para o Brasil, mas é sabido que provieram de diferentes tribos e nações.
Do século XVI ao XVIII, em aproximadamente 15 gerações, consolidou-se a estrutura genética da população brasileira, com o entrecruzamento de africanos, portugueses e índios. Ainda no período colonial, franceses, holandeses e ingleses tentaram se estabelecer em território brasileiro e deixaram alguma contribuição étnica, embora restrita.
Ao mulato, mestiço de negro e branco, se deve toda a construção da economia litorânea no Brasil, inclusive o desenvolvimento de sua vida urbana. Ao mameluco, resultante das relações entre branco e índio, se deve a penetração para o interior e a marcha para o oeste. A partir do século XIX, acrescenta-se à miscigenação entre os primeiros grupos étnicos a contribuição dos imigrantes italianos, espanhóis, alemães e japoneses,que também participaram do processo de mistura racial no Brasil.
Os alemães se estabeleceram principalmente no Sul, os italianos em São Paulo, e os espanhóis em todo o país. Isso também contribuiu para que a mistura de povos no Brasil tivesse composição diferente de acordo com a região. De maneira geral, pode-se dizer que predomina no litoral o mulato e, no interior, o branco e vários mestiços. A população é mais índia no Norte, menos branca no Nordeste, mais índia e mais branca no Centro-Oeste e menos negra no Sul. No Sudeste, historicamente a área de maior desenvolvimento, há um pouco de todas as raças.


Povos no Brasil

As três raças básicas formadoras da população brasileira são o negro, o europeu e o índio, em graus muito variáveis de mestiçagem e pureza. É difícil afirmar até que ponto cada elemento étnico era ou não previamente mestiçado.
A miscigenação no Brasil deu origem a três tipos fundamentais de mestiço:
  • Caboclo = branco + índio
  • Mulato = negro + branco
  • Cafuzo = índio + negro


Brancos

Os portugueses trouxeram um complicado caldeamento de lusitanos, romanos, árabes e negros, que habitaram em Portugal. Os demais grupos, vindos em grande número para o Brasil em diversas épocas -- italianos, espanhóis, alemães, eslavos, sírios -- também tiveram mestiçagem semelhante. A partir de então, a migração tornou-se mais constante. O movimento de portugueses para o Brasil foi relativamente pequeno no século XVI, mas cresceu durante os cem anos seguintes e atingiu cifras expressivas no século XVIII. Embora o Brasil fosse, no período, um domínio de Portugal, esse processo tinha, na realidade, sentido de imigração.
A descoberta de minas de ouro e de diamantes em Minas Gerais foi o grande fator de atração migratória. Calcula-se que nos primeiros cinqüenta anos do século XVIII entraram, só em Minas, mais de 900.000 pessoas. No mesmo século, registra-se outro movimento migratório: o de açorianos para Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul e Amazônia, estados em que fundaram núcleos que mais tarde se tornaram cidades prósperas.

Os colonos, nos primeiros tempos, estabeleceram contato com uma população indígena em constante nomadismo. Os portugueses, embora possuidores de conhecimentos técnicos mais avançados, tiveram que aceitar numerosos valores indígenas indispensáveis à adaptação ao novo meio. O legado indígena tornou-se um elemento da formação do brasileiro. A nova cultura incorporou o banho de rio, o uso da mandioca na alimentação, cestos de fibras vegetais e um numeroso vocabulário nativo, principalmente tupi, associado às coisas da terra: na toponímia, nos vegetais e na fauna, por exemplo. As populações indígenas não participaram inteiramente, porém, do processo de agricultura sedentária implantado, pois seu padrão de economia envolvia a constante mudança de um lugar para outro. Daí haver o colono recorrido à mão-de-obra africana.
O Brasil é o país de maior população branca do mundo tropical.


Negros

Os negros, trazidos para o Brasil como escravos, do século XVI até 1850, destinados à lavoura canavieira, à mineração e à lavoura cafeeira, pertenciam a dois grandes grupos: os sudaneses e os bantos. Os primeiros, geralmente altos e de cultura mais elaborada, foram sobretudo para a Bahia. Os bantos, originários de Angola e Moçambique, predominaram na zona da mata nordestina, no Rio de Janeiro e em Minas Gerais.

Surgiu assim o terceiro grupo importante que participaria da formação da população brasileira: o negro africano. É impossível precisar o número de escravos trazidos durante o período do tráfico negreiro, do século XVI ao XIX, mas admite-se que foram de cinco a seis milhões. O negro africano contribuiu para o desenvolvimento populacional e econômico do Brasil e tornou-se, pela mestiçagem, parte inseparável de seu povo. Os africanos espalharam-se por todo o território brasileiro, em engenhos de açúcar, fazendas de criação, arraiais de mineração, sítios extrativos, plantações de algodão, fazendas de café e áreas urbanas. Sua presença projetou-se em toda a formação humana e cultural do Brasil com técnicas de trabalho, música e danças, práticas religiosas, alimentação e vestimentas.

Índios

Os indígenas brasileiros pertencem aos grupos chamados paleoameríndios, que provavelmente migraram em primeiro lugar para o Novo Mundo. Estavam no estádio cultural neolítico (pedra polida). Agrupam-se em quatro troncos lingüísticos principais: o tupi ou tupi-guarani, o jê ou tapuia, o caraíba ou karib e o aruaque ou nu-aruaque. Há além disso pequenos grupos lingüísticos, dispersos entre esses maiores, como os pano, tucano, bororo e nhambiquara. Atualmente os índios acham-se reduzidos a uma população de algumas dezenas de milhares, instalados sobretudo nas reservas indígenas da Amazônia, Centro-Oeste e Nordeste.
A esses três elementos fundamentais vieram inicialmente acrescentar-se os mestiços, surgidos do cruzamento dos três tipos étnicos anteriores, e cujo número observou tendência sempre crescente. Ocupam portanto lugar de grande destaque na composição étnica da população brasileira, representados pelos caboclos (descendentes de brancos e ameríndios), mulatos (de brancos e negros) e cafuzos (de negros e ameríndios).

A marca da imigração no Brasil pode ser percebida especialmente na cultura e na economia das duas mais ricas regiões brasileiras: Sudeste e Sul.
A colonização foi o objetivo inicial da imigração no Brasil, visando ao povoamento e à exploração da terra por meio de atividades agrárias. A criação das colônias estimulou o trabalho rural. Deve-se aos imigrantes a implantação de novas e melhores técnicas agrícolas, como a rotação de culturas, assim como o hábito de consumir mais legumes e verduras. A influência cultural do imigrante também é notável.
A imigração teve início no Brasil a partir de 1530, quando começou a estabelecer-se um sistema relativamente organizado de ocupação e exploração da nova terra. A tendência acentuou-se a partir de 1534, quando o território foi dividido em capitanias hereditárias e se formaram núcleos sociais importantes em São Vicente e Pernambuco. Foi um movimento ao mesmo tempo colonizador e povoador, pois contribuiu para formar a população que se tornaria brasileira, sobretudo num processo de miscigenação que incorporou portugueses, negros e indígenas.


Outros Grupos

Os principais grupos de imigrantes no Brasil são portugueses, italianos, espanhóis, alemães e japoneses, que representam mais de oitenta por cento do total. Até o fim do século XX, os portugueses aparecem como grupo dominante, com mais de trinta por cento, o que é natural, dada sua afinidade com a população brasileira. São os italianos, em seguida, o grupo que tem maior participação no processo migratório, com quase trinta por cento do total, concentrados sobretudo no estado de São Paulo, onde se encontra a maior colônia italiana do país. Seguem-se os espanhóis, com mais de dez por cento, os alemães, com mais de cinco, e os japoneses, com quase cinco por cento do total de imigrantes.

Contribuição dos Grupos


No processo de urbanização, assinala-se a contribuição do imigrante, ora com a transformação de antigos núcleos em cidades (São Leopoldo, Novo Hamburgo, Caxias, Farroupilha, Itajaí, Brusque, Joinville, Santa Felicidade etc.), ora com sua presença em atividades urbanas de comércio ou de serviços, com a venda ambulante, nas ruas, como se deu em São Paulo e no Rio de Janeiro.
Outras colônias fundadas em vários pontos do Brasil ao longo do século XIX se transformaram em importantes centros urbanos. É o caso de Holambra SP, criada pelos holandeses; de Blumenau SC, estabelecida por imigrantes alemães liderados pelo médico Hermann Blumenau; e de Americana SP, originalmente formada por confederados emigrados do sul dos Estados Unidos em conseqüência da guerra de secessão. Imigrantes alemães se radicaram também em Minas Gerais, nos atuais municípios de Teófilo Otoni e Juiz de Fora, e no Espírito Santo, onde hoje é o município de Santa Teresa.
Em todas as colônias, ressalta igualmente o papel desempenhado pelo imigrante como introdutor de técnicas e atividades que se difundiram em torno das colônias. Ao imigrante devem-se ainda outras contribuições em diferentes setores da atividade brasileira. Uma das mais significativas apresenta-se no processo de industrialização dos estados da região Sul do país, onde o artesanato rural nas colônias cresceu até transformar-se em pequena ou média indústria. Em São Paulo e no Rio de Janeiro, imigrantes enriquecidos contribuíram com a aplicação de capitais nos setores produtivos.
A contribuição dos portugueses merece destaque especial, pois sua presença constante assegurou a continuidade de valores que foram básicos na formação da cultura brasileira. Os franceses influíram nas artes, literatura, educação e nos hábitos sociais, além dos jogos hoje incorporados à lúdica infantil. Especialmente em São Paulo, é grande a influência dos italianos na arquitetura. A eles também se deve uma pronunciada influência na culinária e nos costumes, estes traduzidos por uma herança na área religiosa, musical e recreativa.
Os alemães contribuíram na indústria com várias atividades e, na agricultura, trouxeram o cultivo do centeio e da alfafa. Os japoneses trouxeram a soja, bem como a cultura e o uso de legumes e verduras. Os libaneses e outros árabes divulgaram no Brasil sua rica culinária.


(Source: coladaweb.com, wiltonprof.no.comunidades.net)
votar

jueves, 26 de febrero de 2015

Que son los Mulatos?



(Source: slideshare.net/susanapatin/mulato)
votar

Black, Asian, and Native American children are more likely to die from neuroblastoma, study finds

Black, Asian, and Native American children are more likely than white and Hispanic children to die after being treated for neuroblastoma, according to new research on the pediatric cancer. The study, of more than 3,500 patients with the disease, is the largest ever to look at racial disparities in risk and survival for the most common solid cancer found in young children.

The study also found that black and Native American  are more likely to have the high-risk form of the disease and show signs of resistance to modern treatment. Those biological characteristics suggest that contribute to the outcome disparities found for neuroblastoma.
"Disparities in outcome according to race do exist in neuroblastoma," said Susan Cohn, MD, professor of pediatrics at Comer Children's Hospital at the University of Chicago Medical Center and senior author of the study. "There are racial cohorts of patients who do more poorly than the white population."
The analysis, published online November 22 by the , uses data collected by the Children's Oncology Group (COG), a partnership of more than 200 clinical sites in North America. Because neuroblastoma is a rare cancer, with only 650 new cases each year in the United States, the large coalition was essential to follow enough patients to answer questions about race and ethnicity, Cohn said.
"This kind of study has largely been impeded by the very small numbers of patients that we see, and the small numbers of minorities within that subset," Cohn said. "Through the COG infrastructure, we are able to collect data on the vast majority of patients who are diagnosed with neuroblastoma in North America. It's a much richer data set."
A subject pool of 3,500 children diagnosed between 2001 and 2009 enabled a research group led by Cohn and Tara Henderson, MD, MPH, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, to compare children of different races on neuroblastoma risk and survival. While 75 percent of white and Hispanic patients survived five years after diagnosis, only 67 percent of black patients, 63 percent of Asian patients, and 39 percent of Native American patients survived to that point.
Patients diagnosed with neuroblastoma are classified as having low-risk, intermediate-risk, or high-risk disease based on a number of clinical and biological factors. Black children in the study had a higher prevalence of high-risk disease (57 percent) compared to white children (44 percent). Black patients also more frequently displayed individual predictors of high-risk disease, such as older age at diagnosis, stage 4 disease, and unfavorable histology.
An MRI of a 2-year-old girl with known neuroblastoma
____________
"By definition, if you are older and have advanced stage disease, you are at high risk for relapse and more difficult to cure," Cohn said. "The major reason why the black patients do worse is because there are more of them in this high-risk group."
Another disparity emerged when researchers looked at the timing of post-treatment events such as cancer relapse or progression. After two event-free years following diagnosis, black patients with high-risk disease were significantly more likely to suffer a "late-occurring" event than white patients. This observation suggests black patients are more likely to have residual cancer after therapy, Cohn said.
Follow-up studies are underway to look for genetic factors that may predispose black children to high-risk forms of neuroblastoma and chemotherapy resistance. To do so, Cohn's group will partner with the University of Chicago pharmacogenetics team of M. Eileen Dolan, PhD, professor of medicine and Nancy Cox, PhD, professor of medicine.
The team will look for gene variations associated with chemotherapy resistance and the development of clinically aggressive high-risk disease in black and white neuroblastoma patients. The team will work with genome-wide association data (GWAS) provided by John Maris, MD, professor of medicine at the Children's Hospital of Pennsylvania, which identified predictors of high-risk neuroblastoma in a subject pool of white children.
"Our long term goal is to utilize this kind of information to develop individualized therapy," Cohn said. "For example, if you know that a particular patient has a genotype that is associated with resistance to a specific chemotherapeutic agent, you might either modify the dose or treat the patient with a different agent."
The study also offers a potentially unique example of a disparity due primarily to biological, rather than socioeconomic factors. In many adult cancer types, the survival gap between white and minority patients is often attributed to factors such as diminished access to health care, delayed diagnosis, and poorer quality treatment.
But in neuroblastoma, this is less likely to be an issue. Low-risk cancers rarely progress to a higher risk with time, Cohn said, making a delayed diagnosis less likely to affect outcome. Furthermore, treatment for high-risk neuroblastoma – including intravenous chemotherapy, stem cell transplant, and radiation – is largely administered in a hospital setting, removing the effect of compliance, such as missing oral doses of medications at home.
"In many cancers, disparities in outcome appear to be largely due to differences in socio-economic status and environment. For example, the lack of ability to be seen by a doctor in a timely manner and get appropriate care significantly impacts survival," Cohn said. "While multiple factors are also likely to contribute to the disparities we observed in children with , genetic factors are likely to contribute to the increased prevalence of high-risk tumors in the black cohort, which is quite unique."
Provided by University of Chicago Medical Center

(Source: diversitysdeadend.blogspot.com)
votar