the bulk of the peoples there seem to have had
tropical limb proportions.
Pharonic limb proportion data - several cluster with Africans
"It can be seen that all the pharonic values, including
those of 'Smakhare', lie much closer to the negro
curve than to the white curve. Since stature
equations only work satisfactorily in the individuals to
whom they have applied have similar proportions to
the population group from which they are derived, this
provides justification for using negro equations for
estimating stature from single bones of the New
Kingdom pharoahs, renforcing the previous findings of
Robins (1983). Furthermore, the Troller and Gleser
white equations for the femur, tibia and humerus yield
stature values that have a much wider spread than
those from negro equations with mean values that are
unacceptably large."
--Robins and Schute. The Physical Proportions and Stature
of New Kingdom Pharaohs," Journal of Human Evolution 12 (1983), 455-465
and
[quote]
"Robins (1983) and Robins & Shute
(1983) have shown that more consistent
results are obtained from ancient
Egyptian male skeletons if Trotter &
Gleser formulae for negro are used,
rather than those for whites which have
always been applied in the past. .. their
physical proportions were more like
modern negroes than those of modern
whites, with limbs that were relatively
long compared with the trunk, and distal
segments that were long compared with
the proximal segments. If ancient
Egyptian males had what may be termed
negroid proportions, it seems reasonable
that females did likewise."
From:
(Robins G, Shute CCD. 1986.
Predynastic Egyptian stature and
physical proportions. Hum Evol
1:313–324. Ruff CB. 1994.)
"Estimates of living stature, based on
X-ray measurements applied to the
Trotter & Gleser (1958) negro equations
for the femur, tibia and humerus, have
been made for ancient Egyptian kings
belonging to the 18th and 19th dynasties.
The corresponding equations for whites
give values for stature that are
unsatisfactorily high. The view that
Thutmose III was excessively short is
proved to be a myth. It is shown that the
limbs of the pharaohs, like those of other
Ancient Egyptians, had negroid
characteristics, in that the distal
segments were relatively long in
comparison with the proximal segments.
An exception was Ramesses II, who
appears to have had short legs below the
knees."
--Robins and Schute. The Physical
Proportions and Stature of New
Kingdom Pharaohs," Journal of Human
Evolution 12 (1983), 455-465
Limb proportions of Northerners cluster with Africans
full citations:
"Limb length proportions in males from Maadi and
Merimde group them with African rather than
European populations. Mean femur length in males
from Maadi was similar to that recorded at Byblos
and the early Bronze Age male from Kabri, but
mean tibia length in Maadi males was 6.9cm longer
than that at Byblos. At Merimde both bones were
longer than at the other sites shown, but again,
the tibia was longer proportionate to femurs
than at Byblos (Fig 6.2), reinforcing the
impression of an African rather than Levantine
affinity."
-- Smith, P. (2002) The palaeo-biological
evidence for admixture between populations in the
southern Levant and Egypt in the fourth to third
millennia BCE. in E.C.M van den Brink and TE Levy, eds.
Egypt and the Levant: interrelations from the 4th through the
3rd millenium, BCE. Leicester Univ Press: 2002, 118-28
"These same log shape variables were subjected to two
forms of cluster analysis: neighbor-joining (NJ) and unweighted
pair-group method using averages (UPGMA) tree analysis.
Figure 8 is the NJ tree. It has two main branches—a long and
linear body build branch that includes the Egyptians, Sub-Saharan
Africans (except for the Pygmies), and African-Americans and a
second, less linear body form branch that includes the Inuit,
Europeans, Euro-Americans, Puebloans, Nubians, and Pygmies.
Note that the Nubians used in this study are thought by some to
represent an immigrant population from Europe or Western
Asia [see Holliday (1995)]."
--Holiday, T. (2010) Body proportions of circumpolar peoples as
evidenced from skeletal data. AmerJrPhyAntrho, 142: 2. 287-302
Ancient "Middle Easterners" lack the tropical body proportions of ancient Egyptians
QUOTE:
"There is long-standing disagreement regarding
Upper Pleistocene human evolution in Western
Asia, particularly the Levant. Some argue that
there were two different populations, perhaps
different species, of Upper Pleistocene Levantine
hominids. The first, from the Israeli sites of
Qafzeh and Skhul, is anatomically modern. The
second, from sites such as Amud, Kebara, and
Tabun, is archaic, or "Neandertal" in morphology.
Others argue that this is a false dichotomy and
that all of these hominids belong to a single,
highly variable population. In this paper I
attempt to resolve this issue by examining
postcranial measures reflective of body shape.
Results indicate that the Qafzeh-Skhul hominids
have African-like, or tropically adapted,
proportions, while those from Amud, Kebara,
Tabun, and Shanidar (Iraq) have more
European-like, or cold-adapted, proportions. This
suggests that there were in fact two distinct
Western Asian populations and that the
Qafzeh-Skhul hominids were likely African in
origin - a result consistent with the
"Replacement" model of modern human origins.
"What we can say, however, is that in
the Holocene, humans from southwest
Asia do not exhibit tropically adapted
body shape (Crognier 1981; Eveleth and
Tanner 1976; Schreider 1975). In
addition, while Levantine winters today
are generally characterized as mild
(Henkin et al. 1998), they are
nonetheless quite often cold, with
frequent snowfall—for example, the
winter of 1992 was particularly cold and
snowy in Israel (Vishnevetsky and
Steinberger 19%). Given that the
Holocene is a warm phase, yet recent
Levantine humans do not exhibit a
tropically adapted morphology, there is
little reason to assume that in the
(generally colder) Pleistocene epoch,
natural selection alone could result in
tropically adapted morphology in the
region.
Thus, the discovery of tropically adapted
hominids in the region would therefore
likely indicate population dispersal from
the TROPICS, and the most logical
geographic source for such an influx is
Africa. In this regard, Trinkaus (1981,
1984, 1995) and Ruff (1994) have
argued that the high brachial and crural
indices, narrow biiliac breadths, and
small relative femoral head sizes of the
Qafzeh-Skhul hominids suggest an
influx of African genes associated with
the emergence of modern humans in the
region."
---Trenton Holliday (2000) Evolution at the
Crossroads: Modern Human Emergence in Western
Asia. American Anthropologist. New Series,
Vol. 102, No. 1, 54-68
==============================================================================================================
Body proportions are immensely
stable, and appear distinctly even in the
fetal stage of life. Body shape is also
more resistant to nutritional deficiency
and disease. Even in migrant populations
body proportions are conservative, and
not very plastic. Hence ancient Egyptian
proportions are long-standing,
conservative, stable elements that
characterize the ancient populations to a
much greater extent than more
changeable skin color or face shape.
QUOTE:
"Human body proportions also appear to
have a substantial genetic component.
Differences in body proportions between
Eskimos and non-Eskimos, for example,
appear early in ontogeny (Guilbeault &
Morazain, 1965; Y’Edynak, 1978). The
low sitting height/stature ratio of
Australian aborigines is present early in
development (Eveleth & Tanner, 1976).
Schultz (1923, 1926) found significant
differences between African–American
and Euroamerican fetuses in brachial and
crural indices, length of the legs relative
to the trunk, and relative pelvic width.
The fact that these ‘‘racial’’ features are
manifested early in fetal life indicates
strong genetic encoding of body and
limb proportions.
In addition, body shape in human
appears to be more resistant to
nutritional deficiency or disease than is
body size (Stini, 1975; Eveleth &
Tanner, 1976; Frisancho & Housh, 1988;
Martorell et al., 1988). Body proportions
of human migrants, for example, are
conservative; despite often exhibiting a
marked increase in stature, children of
migrants tend to retain the body
proportions of their ancestral homeland,
and do not develop the proportions of
their new neighbors (Ito, 1942; Lasker,
1946; Trotter & Gleser, 1952, 1958;
Greulich, 1957; Eveleth, 1966;
Froehlich, 1970; Benoist, 1971, 1975;
Hamill et al., 1973; Martorell et al.,
1988; Feldesman et al., 1990). Also,
while secular trends in body shape have
been documented, they do not negate the
value of body proportions as short-term
phylogenetic markers. For example, in a
long-term study of secular trends in body
shape in Japan (Tanner et al., 1982), the
authors note that nutritional differences
alone cannot explain all of the global
variability in body shape. Rather, they
note that much of the difference seen
today in body shape between broad
geographic groups is genetically-driven.
Migration within a larger time
framework took place ca. 15,000–18,000
BP, when the first Asian populations
crossed the Bering Strait, ultimately
founding the modern Amerindian
population. Despite having as much as
18,000 years of selection in
environments as diverse as those found
in the Old World, body mass and
proportion clines in the Americas are
less steep than those in the Old World
(Newman, 1953; Roberts, 1978). In fact,
as Hulse (1960) pointed out,
Amerindians, even in the tropics, tend to
possess some ‘‘arctic’’ adaptations. Thus
he concluded that it must take more than
15,000 years for modern humans to fully
adapt to a new environment (see also
Trinkaus, 1992). This suggests that body
proportions tend not to be very plastic
under natural conditions, and that
selective rates on body shape are such
that evolution in these features is
long-term."
--Holliday T. (1997). Body proportions
in Late Pleistocene Europe and modern
human origins. Jrnl Hum Evo. 32:
423-447
-------------------------------------------------
IF WE ARE LOOKING AT NUBIANS
RESULT: TROPICAL
(Source: egyptsearch.com)
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